MY CHATBOT COMPANION: NAVIGATING THE EVOLVING HUMAN-AI CONNECTION

Abstract

The rapid rise of social chatbots has sparked significant interest, with human–chatbot relationships (HCRs) becoming increasingly common. However, little is known about how these relationships develop and their impact on users' broader social contexts. Guided by Social Penetration Theory, this study explores the dynamics of HCRs through interviews with 18 participants who had formed friendships with a social chatbot named Replika. Findings reveal that HCRs often begin as superficial interactions driven by user curiosity. Over time, these relationships deepen through substantial emotional exploration and self-disclosure, supported by growing trust and engagement. As relationships stabilize, interaction frequency may decline, yet the connections remain emotionally and socially valuable. Participants reported that their relationships with Replika enhanced their well-being, citing key chatbot traits such as acceptance, understanding, and non-judgment. Despite these benefits, the study also highlights a mixed impact on users' broader social lives and notes the persistence of stigma surrounding HCRs. This research introduces an initial model of HCR development and identifies promising directions for future exploration in this evolving field.